中美貿易戰木材價格上漲，物流托盤首當其沖
Sino US trade war timber prices rise, logistics pallets bear the brunt
在8月初，美國宣布將對2000億美元中國產品的征稅稅率由10%提高至25%。隨后中方迅速做出回應，對原產于美國的5207個稅目約600億美元商品，加征25%-5%不等的關稅，其中就包括了原產于美國的原木及木制品。
In early August, the United States announced that it would raise the tax rate of $200 billion on Chinese products from 10% to 25%. Subsequently, China quickly responded by imposing tariffs ranging from 25% to 5% on about $60 billion of 5207 items of goods originating in the United States, including logs and wood products originating in the United States.
眾所周知，近年來為了保護森林資源，維持生態平衡，國內許多林區逐漸被禁止商業性砍伐，木材的進口需求大幅提升。
As we all know, in recent years, in order to protect forest resources and maintain ecological balance, many domestic forest areas are gradually prohibited from commercial logging, and the import demand of timber has increased significantly.
如今對美國進口木材的加征關稅，國內木材價格勢必上漲！
Today, tariffs on timber imported from the United States will rise.
其實不單單是美國的因素，隨著世界各國環保意識的加強，對于原木出口的政策也是越來越嚴格，好比如烏克蘭明年開始限制原木貿易暫停木材出口，越南木材市場關稅上漲25%等等，木材上漲這其實是大勢所趨。
Actually, it is not only the United States, but also the policy of log export is becoming more and more stringent with the enhancement of environmental protection consciousness in the world. For example, Ukraine will start to restrict log trade to suspend timber export next year, and Vietnam's timber market tariff will rise by 25%. This is the trend of the times.
木材價格上漲，物流托盤首當其沖
Timber prices rise, logistics pallets bear the brunt.
對于物流托盤來說，使用最多的就是木質托盤。據統計，截止2017年年底，國內托盤存量已經超過了12.63億片，其中木托盤占比達到了73%，排第二的塑料托盤占比僅有19%，國內托盤市場對于木材的需求十分龐大。
For logistics pallets, wooden pallets are the most used ones. According to statistics, by the end of 2017, the domestic pallet stock has exceeded 1.263 billion pieces, of which wood pallets accounted for 73%, plastics pallets accounted for only 19%, the domestic pallet Market for wood demand is very large.
加之木托盤壽命一般都在1年左右，每年生產率占比高達78%，當木材價格上漲，不但木托盤成本會隨之上漲，企業物流成本也在成倍數變相增加。
In addition, the life of wooden pallets is generally about one year, annual productivity accounted for as high as 78%, when the price of wood rises, not only the cost of wooden pallets will rise, but also the logistics cost of enterprises will increase exponentially.
為什么木托盤占比如此之高？
Why is wooden pallet occupied so high?
木托盤優勢是顯而易見的，那就是成本相對其他材質，較為低廉！
The advantage of wooden pallets is obvious, that is, the cost is lower than other materials.
按照市場價格，木托盤價格在150元左右，而塑料托盤一般都在250元以上，塑料要比木材更貴。加之目前絕大多數物流業、制造業沒有辦法地對托盤進行有效管理，導致托盤丟失率極高，一旦出了倉庫，除非安排專門的物流人員跟車盤點，否則根本無從管理和追蹤。
According to market prices, wooden pallets are around 150 yuan, while plastic pallets are generally more than 250 yuan, plastic is more expensive than wood. In addition, most of the current logistics industry, manufacturing industry can not effectively manage the pallet, resulting in a very high rate of pallet loss, once out of the warehouse, unless the arrangement of special logistics personnel and inventory, otherwise there is no way to manage and track.
托盤得不到有效管理，一次性使用情況太多，尤其是異地運輸，在高昂的物流成本面前，企業也只能選擇丟棄托盤，種種的原因制約下，很多企業更愿意使用造價更為便宜的木托盤。
Pallets can not be effectively managed, too many disposable situations, especially in the face of high logistics costs, enterprises can only choose to discard pallets, for various reasons, many enterprises are more willing to use cheaper wooden pallets.
從根本原因上看，木托盤使用率遠高于塑料托盤，并非因為質量更好、適用場景更廣，而是在物流管理水平不足的情況下，企業只能選擇物流成本更低的木質托盤！
Fundamentally, wooden pallets are much more efficient than plastic pallets, not because of better quality, more applicable scenes, but because of the lack of logistics management level, enterprises can only choose wooden pallets with lower logistics costs!
然而，這個現象隨著木材價格上漲，即將被打破。
However, this phenomenon is about to be broken as timber prices rise.
托盤的使用成本太高，企業該如何應對？
How to cope with the high cost of pallets?
上面說到木托盤使用率如此之高，關鍵原因在于成本。那么物流企業如何解決這個問題呢？
It says that the utilization rate of wooden pallets is so high that the key reason is the cost. How do logistics enterprises solve this problem?
1.選用其他材質的托盤
1. choose pallets with other materials.
隨著國內環境保護意識的增強，對于托盤循環利用的理念迅速普及，國內塑料托盤占比出現了逐年遞增，其中使用率最多的屬聚丙烯（PP）、聚乙烯（PE）為主，還有其他新型復合材料等。截至2017年年底，塑料托盤占比已經超過了19%，而且還在逐年上升。
With the increasing awareness of environmental protection in China, the concept of recycling pallets has been popularized rapidly, and the proportion of plastic pallets in China has increased year by year. Among them, polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE) are the most frequently used, and other new composite materials. By the end of 2017, the proportion of plastic pallets has exceeded 19%, and it is increasing year by year.
盡管在前期投入，塑料托盤仍然要比當前的木質托盤成本高昂，但從年均攤銷來算，木托盤使用壽命平均在一年左右，而塑料托盤的壽命在3-5年，年均成本比木質托盤更低。加上塑料托盤可以廣泛應用到生鮮冷鏈、醫藥、食品等眾多行業，性價比要比木質托盤更高。
Although plastic pallets are still more expensive than current wooden pallets in the early stages of investment, the average life of wooden pallets is about one year in terms of annual amortization, whereas plastic pallets last about three to five years and the average annual cost is lower than wooden pallets. Plus plastic pallets can be widely used in fresh cold chain, medicine, food and many other industries, cost-effective than wood pallets higher.
目前國內許多大型制造業、物流業使用的都是塑料托盤，通過購買或者租賃的方式，來滿足企業生產、流轉的需求。這些企業也在探索如何進行托盤管理，來實現存量托盤的循環利用，進一步降低物流成本。
At present, many large-scale manufacturing and logistics industries in China use plastic pallets to meet the production and circulation needs of enterprises by means of purchase or lease. These enterprises are also exploring how to carry out pallet management to achieve the recycling of inventory pallets and further reduce logistics costs.
2.實現帶板運輸
2. realize belt transportation
帶板運輸，其實就是托盤循環共用的重要體現。目前國內托盤存量過剩最主要的原因，就是因為托盤規格、材質的不統一，企業與企業之間無法實現帶板運輸，每個企業除了需要儲備倉庫托盤以外，還需要額外準備周轉、裝卸的物流托盤。
Belt transport is an important manifestation of the sharing of pallets. At present, the main reason for excess domestic pallet stock is that the pallet specifications and materials are not uniform, enterprises and enterprises can not achieve belt transportation, each enterprise in addition to the need to reserve warehouse pallets, but also need to prepare additional turnover, loading and unloading of logistics pallets.
A企業交貨給B企業，需要準備1萬個物流托盤進行裝卸，那么A、B企業各自都需要準備1萬個托盤，才能滿足交易需求。如果在帶板運輸的狀態下，那么就不需要雙方都準備托盤來交易，只需要托盤+貨物一起交接，不但提高了交易效率，還不需要額外的托盤成本。
Enterprise A to B delivery, need to prepare 10,000 logistics pallets for loading and unloading, then A, B enterprises need to prepare 10,000 pallets to meet the transaction needs. If in the condition of belt conveyor, then both sides do not need to prepare pallets to trade, just need pallets + goods to hand over together, not only improves the transaction efficiency, but also does not require additional pallet costs.
帶板運輸的作用就是通過降低貨物重復裝卸、盤點，防止倒箱倒板，來提高供應鏈上鞋企業協同管理，同時降低供應鏈對托盤需求，降低物流成本。
The role of strip transportation is to improve the collaborative management of shoe enterprises in the supply chain by reducing the repeated loading and unloading of goods, inventory, and preventing the reversal of boxes.
但要實現帶板運輸，首先要解決的就是托盤標準化和租賃化，只有供應鏈企業統一使用標準托盤，統一租賃，才能更好地實現帶板運輸。
But in order to realize the strip transportation, the first thing to be solved is the standardization and leasing of pallets. Only when the supply chain enterprises use the standard pallets and lease them, can the strip transportation be better realized.
目前在托盤標準化的道路上，隨著國家政策鼓勵與扶持，托盤市場標準化占比也在逐年上升，截至到2017年年底，標準化占比已經達到了28%。
At present, on the road of pallet standardization, with the encouragement and support of national policies, the proportion of pallet market standardization is also rising year by year. By the end of 2017, the proportion of standardization has reached 28%.
標準化是阻礙帶板運輸、循環共用最關鍵的一環，但國內存量托盤過剩，想要在短時間內全部替換不太現實，只能循環漸進。
Standardization is one of the most important factors that hinder strip transportation and recycling. However, domestic stocks of pallets are excessive. It is unrealistic to replace all pallets in a short period of time, so we can only recycle gradually.
轉自物流技術與應用
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